Domestic Violence An Dominant Problem Within Australian...

Domestic violence has become an increasingly dominant problem within Australian society but is constantly pushed to the side like a burden. Domestic violence is a relationship between intimate partners in which one individual seeks to assert power and control over the other and cause fear or intimidation (What is domestic violence? 2016). It doesn’t have to be physical abuse, it can be emotional, psychological, financial, sexual or other types of abuse. It can affect anyone in the community regardless of gender, sexual identity, race, age, culture, ethnicity, religion, disability, economic status or location (home - Domestic Violence, 2016). Violence isn’t just physical violence it can also be sexual, verbal, psychological, emotional, spiritual, economic or social. Domestic violence is the most frequent form of assault in Australian society nevertheless, it remains a hidden problem because it occurs within the privacy of the home and those involved are usually reluctant to speak out. Women and Children are commonly affected by domestic violence in fact, 33.3% of women had experienced physical violence since the age of 15 (Domestic Violence Statistics, 2016). There are several health problems that can arise from encountering acts of domestic violence such as; paranoia fear, loss of trust, depression anxiety, eating disorders, suicidal thoughts, unwanted pregnancies, sense of powerlessness, broken bones and bruises, post-traumatic stress disorder, isolation and many more.Show MoreRelatedDomestic Violence : An Dominant Problem Within Australian Society Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence- Behind Closed Doors Do you know what laws are protecting you? Domestic violence has become an increasingly dominant problem within Australian society but is constantly pushed to the side like a burden. Domestic violence is a relationship between intimate partners in which one individual seeks to assert power and control over the other and cause fear or intimidation and doesn’t have to be physical abuse, it can be emotional, psychological, financial, sexual or other types of abuseRead MoreReview Of Alice Morgans On Narrative Therapy1500 Words   |  6 Pagesand weight to narrative therapy theory. The principles follow a linear order, opening with acknowledging ‘people as experts in their own lives’ (2000, p. 2), client naming and externalising the problem (2000), unique outcomes and alternative narratives are recognised (p. 53) lastly, linking people within the narrative to thickened and sustained it (2000). Along these lines, this book review purposes to discuss a few underlying discourses that inform the principles of narr ative therapy such as feministRead MoreCrime Data And Its Effects On Victims And The Public Essay1597 Words   |  7 PagesIn the opinion piece by South Australian Police Commissioner Gary Burns (Burns, 2013) provides the reader a somewhat brief insight and view of crime reporting within South Australia and the perceptions of crime within the state. Commissioner Burns provides the reader with his personal view of his frustrations and concerns which are: †¢ the public’s perception in regards to crime statistics within South Australia through media and social media; †¢ his frustrations at the lack of reporting of crimeRead MoreCrime Data And Its Effects On Victims And The Public Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In the opinion piece by the South Australian Police Commissioner Gary Burns (Burns, 2013) it provides the reader a somewhat brief insight and view of crime reporting within South Australia and the perceptions of crime within the state. He provides the reader with his personal view and concerns which are: †¢ The public’s perception in regards to crime statistics within South Australia through media and social media; and †¢ His frustrations at the lack of reporting of crime and the reluctanceRead MoreWhat Are the Perceptions of Domestic Violence Amongst Individuals Who Live in Western Sydney?6504 Words   |  27 Pagesperceptions of domestic violence amongst individuals who live in western Sydney? ------------------------------------------------- 101041 – Communication Research Spring 2012 Student Name: Ferah Arslan Student Number: 17530620 RESEARCH REPORT SUBJECT: WHAT ARE THE PERCEPTIONS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AMONGST INDIVIDUALS WHO LIVE IN WESTERN SYDNEY? ABSTRACT: What are the perceptions of domestic violence amongst individuals who live in western Sydney? When the term â€Å"domestic violence† is heardRead MoreIndigenous Disadvantage Essay2105 Words   |  9 Pagesissues for a large percentage of our people and we remain ‘as a group, the most poverty stricken sector of the working class’ in Australia (Cuthoys 1983). As a people, our rate of chronic disease is still 2.5 times higher than that of other Australians, and Indigenous people in this country die 15 to 20 years younger than those in mainstream Australia. More than half of these figures are caused by chronic diseases such heart disease, stroke, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and kidney diseaseRead MoreDomestic Violence and Its Effect on Children4845 Words   |  20 PagesABSTRACT II. INTRODUCTION III. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROLEM IV. HISTORY OF PROBLEM V. THEORIES REALTED TO PROBLEM VI. POLICIES ADDRESSING PROBLEM VII. SUMMARY VIII. CONCLUSION IX. REFERENCES Abstract Children who live in domestic violence homes are constantly being exposed to verbal and physical abuse, directly or indirectly, it has to account for some form of damage within them. They generally suffer in silence, but often develop high levels of aggression, angerRead More The Role Played by the International Force for East Timor in the East Timorese Efforts to Achieve Independence3114 Words   |  13 Pagesindependence were in the majority. However, the referendum was followed by a violent reaction by the pro-integrationist East Timorese population, which were supported by Indonesian elements. The international community was very much appalled by the violence following the referendum and there was a change in the international climate in terms of humanitarian intervention following NATO’s intervention in Kosovo, the UN’s failure to act in Rwanda, and also the inaction of the international community inRead MoreThe Judiciary Of A Country Essay2568 Words   |  11 PagesTo what extent is it a concern that the judiciary of a country is unreflective of the diversity within that countries population? The lack of diversity in the judiciary is deeply entrenched in legal culture. A profession that is intrinsically white, male, and middle class is an intimidating environment for those who fall outside this categorisation. The problem with having a single dominant group is not so much the lack of gender, ethnicity and social minorities in the judiciary but rather the lackRead MoreRisk Essay4328 Words   |  18 Pagespractice on service users and carers including my understanding of anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice. The idiom ‘damned if you do and damned if you don’t’ is a definitive climax of the dilemmas that social workers are faced with daily within their professional role. It could be argued that in reference to the culmination of tragedies reported by the media, more prevalently in the death of children, for example Peter Connolly namely (Baby P), social workers are perceived by the public

Essay on OBriens The Things They Carried - 831 Words

OBriens The Things They Carried O’Connor remarks â€Å"The Things They Carried† is a short story that is written â€Å"as an experience not an abstraction† and that â€Å"the meaning has been embodied in it†. These quotations are truly pure in description and interpretation of the short story as the reader, must look beyond the crude physical properties of the objects and actions chronicled and focus more upon their hidden meanings and messages. O’Brien uses the physical characteristics of weight to make an impact upon the reader to relate with the men. In emphasizing the soldier’s everyday burden, the reader can easily relate to the situation in general. As the story progresses, the main attention of the†¦show more content†¦For example, Lt. Jimmy Cross carried letters from Martha that he continually fantasized about. Kiowa carried his grandfather’s old hunting hatchet as a way to hold on to his cultural past. The additional weight depended somewhat upon the soldier’s rank and position. For example, the radiotelephone operator carried a twenty-six pound radio as part of his position. The machine gunner, Henry Dobbs, carried a twenty-three pound M-60 gun as part of his duty. Most of the soldiers were either of the rank Private First Class or Specialist Fourth Class, and therefore were known as â€Å"common grunts†. PFC’s and Spec 4’s were required to carry their rifles and grenade launchers. It is through all of this detailed description of the field equipment (to the pound) that the physical hardships of the men are truly described. The emotional weight that each man endured is also described, but in a more profound amount of mind compelling detail. In the description of what Ted Lavendar was carrying at the time of his death, the author describes the usual flack jacket and helmet, but also his â€Å"unweighed fear†. Truly, this unweighed fear is captured in the quote â€Å"They carried all they could bear, and then some, including a silent awe for the terrible power of the things they carried†. The meaning of this is that the men could hide their feelings in their equipment, but were actually atShow MoreRelated The Guilt They Carried in Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe Guilt They Carried in Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried In the aftermath of a comparatively minor misfortune, all parties concerned seem to be eager to direct the blame to someone or something else. It seems so easy to pin down one specific mistake that caused everything else to go wrong in an everyday situation. However, war is a vastly different story. War is ambiguous, an enormous and intangible event, and it cannot simply be blamed for the resulting deaths for which it is indirectlyRead MoreTim OBriens The Things They Carried: An Analysis1542 Words   |  6 PagesStudent Network Resources Inc.  ©2003-2010 ________________________________________________________________________ Tim OBriens The Things They Carried is a short story told in the form of a catalogue. OBriens title provides both an accurate description of how the story is organized mainly by lists, with the narrative seeming an almost accidental intrusion but also as a sort of recurrent musical refrain in the text itself. The title phrase is repeated at semi-regular intervals in theRead MoreTim OBriens The Things They Carried Essay1348 Words   |  6 PagesTim OBriens The Things They Carried the issue of maturity is an ever occurring theme within the novel that sets out to tackle and open up for discussion of it on a broader level. Specifically within the chapters Friends and Enemies it is clear that both Lee Strunk and Dave Jensen are wedged in a personal psychological war. This issue faces many young adults but is perverted by the war and the tragic loss of innocent life. Many feel that the purpose of OBriens The Things They Carried is toRead MoreEssay on Tim OBriens The Things They Carried1 128 Words   |  5 PagesTim OBriens The Things They Carried   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How does death affect the behavior of people? Although death affects everyones behavior differently, knowledge of ones imminent death is a main force behind behavioral changes. This knowledge causes emotions that motivate people to act in ways that they normally would not. In Tim OBriens The Things They Carried,; the knowledge of death and its closeness causes the men in the story to alter their behavior by changing they way they display powerRead MoreReview: Tim OBriens The Things They Carried1610 Words   |  6 PagesIn Tim OBriens The Things They Carried, the main theme is that the young men of Alpha Company carry many physical and emotional burdens which linger on long after the war. As they walked through the jungles and swamps of South Vietnam, they carried weapons, equipment, personal items, and also carried the dead and wounded off the battlefield as well as the guilt for having survived. First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross carried the responsibility for the men under his command and guilt about the war theyRead More Tim OBriens The Things They Carried Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesTim OBriens The Things They Carried Culture teaches that men must dispense of ridiculous emotions and remain firm, following expected duties. O’Brien develops this theme of the transition from youth to manhood in his short story, â€Å"The Things They Carried.† Through the protagonist Jimmy Cross, metaphors of weight, and futile ideas of freedom, O’Brien reveals how society expects young men in transition to adulthood to let go of impractical idealism and dwell instead on the cruel reality of theRead MoreEssay about Tim OBriens the Things They Carried1558 Words   |  7 PagesTim OBriens The Things They Carried is not a novel about the Vietnam War. It is a story about the soldiers and their experiences and emotions that are brought about from the war. OBrien makes several statements about war through these dynamic characters. He shows the violent nature of soldiers under the pressures of war, he makes an effective antiwar statement, and he comments on the reversal of a social deviation into the norm. By skillfully employing the stylistic technique of specificRead MoreThe Struggle of Weight in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe Struggle of Weight in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines the word weight as a mass or quantity of something taken up and carried, conveyed, or transported. Tim OBriens war story The Things They Carried, published in 1990, explores the theme of weight and its importance to men at war in considerable depth. The opening chapter of this book, which was originally written as a short story, is comprised of a collection of lists. OBrien detailsRead MoreTruth and Fiction in OBriens The Things They Carried1967 Words   |  8 Pages Truth and Fiction in Obriens The Things They Carried The Viet Nam War has been the most reviled conflict in United States history for many reasons, but it has produced some great literature. For some reason the emotion and depredation of war kindle in some people the ability to express themselves in a way that they may not have been able to do otherwise. Movies of the time period are great, but they are not able to elicit, seeing the extremely limited time crunch, the same images and chargeRead MoreStories of the Vietnam War Illustrated in O’Brien’s The Things They Carried834 Words   |  4 PagesTim O’Brien’s book, The Things They Carried, portrays stories of the Vietnam War. Though not one hundred percent accurate, the stories portray important historical events. The Things They Carried recovers Vietnam War history and portrays situations the American soldiers faced. The United States government represents a political power effect during the Vietnam War. The U. S. enters the war to prevent a communis t takeover of South Vietnam. The U.S. government felt if communism spreads to South

Carrie Chapter Eighteen Free Essays

string(518) " on the road and I’m gonna make it home tonight!’\), c/w, full throttle, very loud, very bad, five-man band wearing sequined cowboy shirts and new pegged jeans with bright rivets, occasionally wiping mixed sweat and Vitalis from their brows, lead guitar, rhythm, steel, dobro guitar, drums; no one heard the town whistle, or the first explosion, or the second; and when the gas main blew and the music stopped and someone drove into the parking lot and began to yell the news, Chris and Billy were asleep\." ‘I came to kill you, Momma. And you were waiting here to kill me. Momma, I †¦ it’s not right, Momma. We will write a custom essay sample on Carrie Chapter Eighteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s not †¦ ‘ ‘Let’s pray,’ Momma said softly. Her eyes fixed on Carrie’s and there was a crazed, awful compassion in them. The fire light was brighter now, dancing on the walls Up dervishes. ‘For the last time, let us pray.’ ‘Oh Momma help me!’ Carrie cried out. She fell forward on her knees, head down, hands raised in supplication. Momma leaned forward, and the knife came down in a shining arc. Carrie, perhaps seeing out of the tail of her eye, jerked back, and instead of penetrating her back, the knife went into her shoulder to the hilt. Momma’s feet tangled in the legs of her chair, and she collapsed in a sitting sprawl. They stared at each other in silent tableau. Blood began to ooze from around the handle of the knife and to splash on to the floor. Then Carrie said softly: ‘I’m going to give you a present, Momma.’ Margaret tried to get up, staggered, and fell back on her hands and knees. ‘What are you doing?’ she croaked hoarsely. ‘I’m picturing your heart, Momma,’ Carrie said. ‘It’s easier when you see things in your mind. Your heart is a big red muscle. Mine goes faster when I use my power. But your is going a little slower now. A little slower.’ Margaret tried to get up again, failed, and forked the sign of the evil eye at her daughter. ‘A little slower, Momma. Do you know what the present is, Momma? What you always wanted. Darkness. And whatever God lives there.’ Margaret White whispered: ‘Our father, Who art in heaven-‘ ‘Slower, Momma. Slower.’ ‘-hallowed be Thy name-‘ ‘I can see the blood draining back into you. Slower.’ ‘-Thy Kingdom come-‘ ‘Your feet and hands like marble, like alabaster. White.’ ‘-Thy will be done-‘ ‘My will, Momma. Slower!’ ‘-on earth-‘ ‘Slower.’ ‘-as †¦ as †¦ as it†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ She collapsed forward, hands twitching. ‘-as it is in heaven.’ Carrie whispered: ‘Full stop.’ She looked down at herself, and put her hands weakly around the haft of the knife. (no o no that hurts that’s too much hurt) She tried to get up, failed, then pulled herself up by Momma’s stool. Dizziness and nausea washed over her. She could taste blood, bright and slick, on the back of her throat. Smoke, acrid and choking, was drifting in through the windows now. The flames had reached next door; even now sparks would be lighting softly on the roof that rocks had punched brutally through a thousand years before. Carrie went out the back door, staggered across the lawn, and rested (where’s my momma) against a tree. There was something she was supposed to do. Something about (roadhouses parking lots) the Angel with the Sword. The Fiery Sword. Never mind. It would come to her. She crossed by back yards to Willow Street and then crawled up the embankment to Route 6. It was 1: 15 A.M. It was 11:20 P.M. when Christine Hargensen and Billy Nolan got back to The Cavalier. They went up the back stairs, down the hall, and before she could do more than turn on the lights, he was yanking at her blouse. ‘For God’s sake let me unbutton it-‘ ‘To hell with that.’ He ripped it suddenly down the back. The cloth tore with a sudden hard sound. One button popped free and winked on the bare wood floor. Honky-tonkin’ music came faintly up to them, and the building vibrated subtly with the clumsy-enthusiastic dancing of farmers and truckers and millworkers and waitresses and hairdressers, of the greasers and their townie girl friends from Westover and Motton. ‘Hey-‘ ‘Be quiet.’ He slapped her, rocking her head back. Her eyes took on a flat and deadly shine. ‘This is the end, Billy.’ She backed away from him, breasts swelling into her bra, flat stomach pumping, legs long and tapering in her jeans; but she backed toward the bed. ‘It’s over.’ ‘Sure,’ he said. He lunged for her and she punched him, a surprising hard punch that landed on his cheek. He straightened and twitched his head a little. ‘You gave me a shiner, you bitch.’ ‘I’ll give you more.’ ‘You’re goddam right you will.’ They stared at each other, panting, glaring. Then he began to unbutton his shirt, a little grin beginning on his face. ‘We got it on, Charlie. We really got it on.’ He called her Charlie whenever he was pleased with her. It seemed to be, she thought with a cold blink of humour, a generic term for good cunt. She felt a little smile come to her own face, relaxed a little, and that was when he whipped his shirt across her face and came in low, butting her in the stomach like a goat, tipping her on to the bed. The springs screamed. She pounded her fists helplessly on his back. ‘Get off me! Get off me! Get off me! You fucking greaseball, get off me!’ He was grinning at her, and with one quick, hard yank her zipper was broken, her hips free. ‘Call your daddy?’ he was grunting. ‘That what you gonna do? Huh? Huh? That it, ole Chuckie? Call big ole legal beagle daddy? Huh? I woulda done it to you, you know that? I woulda dumped it all over your fuckin squash. You know it? Huh? Know it? Pig blood for pigs, right? Right on your motherfucking squash. You-‘ She had suddenly ceased to resist. He paused, staring down at her, and she had an odd smile on her face. ‘You wanted it this way all along, didn’t you? You miserable little scumbag. That’s right, isn’t it? You creepy little onenut low-cock dinkless wonder.’ His grin was slow, crazed. ‘It doesn’t matter.’ ‘No,’ she said. ‘It doesn’t.’ Her smile suddenly vanished, the cords on her neck stood out as she hawked back – and spat in his face. They descended into a red, thrashing unconsciousness. Downstairs the music thumped and wheezed (‘I’m poppin little white pills an my eyes are open wide/Six days on the road and I’m gonna make it home tonight!’), c/w, full throttle, very loud, very bad, five-man band wearing sequined cowboy shirts and new pegged jeans with bright rivets, occasionally wiping mixed sweat and Vitalis from their brows, lead guitar, rhythm, steel, dobro guitar, drums; no one heard the town whistle, or the first explosion, or the second; and when the gas main blew and the music stopped and someone drove into the parking lot and began to yell the news, Chris and Billy were asleep. You read "Carrie Chapter Eighteen" in category "Essay examples" Chris woke suddenly and the clock on the night table said five minutes of one. Someone was pounding on the door. ‘Billy!’ the voice was yelling. ‘Get up! Hey! Hey!’ Billy stirred, rolled over, and knocked the cheap alarm clock on to the floor. ‘What the Christ?’ he said thickly, and sat up. His back stung. The bitch had covered it with long scratches. He’d barely noticed it at the time, but now decided he was going to have to send her home bowlegged. Just to show her who was boss.. Silence struck him. Silence. The Cavalier did not close until two; as a matter of fact, he could still see the neon twinkling and flicking through the dusty garret window. Except for the steady pounding (something happened) the place was a graveyard. ‘Billy, you in there? Hey!’ ‘Who is it?’ Chris whispered. Her eyes were glittering and watchful in the intermittent neon. ‘Jackie Talbot,’ he said absently, then raised his voice. ‘What?’ ‘Lemme in, Billy. I got to talk to you!’ Billy got up and padded to the door, naked. He unlocked the old-fashioned hook-and-eye and opened it. Jackie Talbot burst in. His eyes were wild and his face was smeared with soot. He had been drinking it up with Steve and Henry when the news came at ten minutes of twelve. They had gone back to town in Henry’s elderly Dodge convertible, and had seen the Jackson Avenue gas main explode from the vantage point of Brickyard Hill. When Jackie had borrowed the Dodge and started to drive back at 12:30, the town was a panicky shambles. ‘Chamberlain’s burning up,’ he said to Billy. ‘Whole fuckin town. The school’s gone. The Centre’s gone. West End blew up – gas. And Carlin Street’s on fire. And they’re saying Carrie White did it!’ ‘Oh God,’ Chris said. She started to get out of bed and grope for her clothes. ‘What did-‘ ‘Shut up,’ Billy said mildly, ‘or I’ll kick your ass.’ He looked at Jackie again and nodded for him to go on. ‘They seen her. Lots of people seen her. Billy, they say she’s all covered with blood. She was at that fuckin prom tonight†¦ Steve and Henry didn’t get it but †¦ Billy, did you †¦ that pig blood †¦ was it-‘ ‘Yeah,’ Billy said. ‘Oh, no.’ Jackie stumbled back against the doorframe. His face was a sickly yellow in the light of the one hall lightbulb. ‘Oh Jesus, Billy, the whole town-.’ ‘Carrie trashed the whole town? Carrie White? You’re full of shit.’ He said it calmly, almost serenely. Behind him, Chris was dressing rapidly. ‘Go and look out the window,’ Jackie said. Billy went over and looked out. The entire eastern horizon had gone crimson, and the sky was alight with it. Even as he looked, three fire trucks screamed by. He could make out the names on them in the glow of the street light that marked The Cavalier’s parking lot. ‘Son of a whore,’ he said. ‘Those trucks are from Brunswick.’ ‘Brunswick?’ Chris said. ‘That’s forty miles away. That can’t be . . .’ Billy turned back to Jackie Talbot. ‘All right. What happened?’ Jackie shook his head. ‘Nobody knows, not yet. It started at the high school. Carrie and Tommy Ross got the King and Queen, and then somebody dumped a couple of buckets of blood on them and she ran out. Then the school caught on fire, and they say nobody got out. Then Teddy’s Amoco blew up, then that Mobil station on Summer Street-!’ ‘Citgo.’ Billy corrected. ‘It’s a Citgo.’ ‘Who the fuck cares?’ Jackie screamed. ‘It was her, every place something happened it was her! And those buckets †¦ none of us wore gloves†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ‘I’ll take care of it,’ Billy said. ‘You don’t get it, Billy. Carrie ‘Get out.’ ‘Billy-‘ ‘Get out or I’ll break your arm and feed it to you.’ Jackie backed out of the door warily. ‘Go home. Don’t talk to nobody. I’m going to take care of everything.’ ‘All right,’ Jackie said. ‘Okay. Billy, I just thought-‘ Billy slammed the door. Chris was on him in a second. ‘Billy what are we going to do that bitch Carrie oh my Lord what are we going to-‘ Billy slapped her, getting his whole arm into it, and knocked her on to the floor. Chris sat sprawled in stunned silence for a moment, and then held her face and began to sob. Billy put on his pants, his tee shirt, his boots. Then he went to the chipped porcelain washstand in the corner, clicked on the light, wet his head, and began to comb his hair, bending down to see his reflection in the spotted, ancient mirror. Behind him, wavy and distorted, Chris Hargensen sat on the floor, wiping blood from her split lip. ‘I’ll tell you what we’re going to do,’ he said. ‘We’re going into town and watch the fires. Then we’re coming home. You’re going to tell your dear old daddy that we were out to The Cavalier drinking beers when it happened. I’m gonna tell my dear ole mummy the same thing. Dig.’ ‘Billy, your fingerprints,’ she said. Her voice was muffled, but respectful. ‘Their fingerprints,’ he said. ‘I wore gloves.’ ‘Would they tell?’ she asked. ‘If the police took them in and questioned them-‘ ‘Sure,’ he said. ‘They’d tell.’ The loops and swirls were almost right. They glistened in the light of the dun, flyspecked globe like eddies on deep water. His face was calm, reposeful. The comb he used was a battered old Ace, clotted with grease. His father had given it to him on -his eleventh birthday, and not one tooth was broken in it. Not one. ‘Maybe they’ll never find the buckets,’ he said. ‘If they do, maybe the fingerprints will all be burnt of. I don’t know. But if Doyle takes any of ’em in, I’m heading for California. You do what you want.’ ‘Would you take me with you?’ she asked. She looked at him from the floor, her lip puffed to negroid size, her eyes pleading. How to cite Carrie Chapter Eighteen, Essay examples

Global Soil Wetness Project Methodology †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Global Soil Wetness Project Methodology. Answer: Introduction Project methodology is nothing but a method or technique which is used by project manager for achievement of goals and result within a given time and budget. In the coming pages of the report role and importance of project manager has been discussed in details (Fervers et al., 2013). After that a comparison has been provided regarding the two methodology of project management that is Prince2 and PMBOK. In the last phase of this report relation of Prince2 to PLC that is project life cycle has been discussed in details. Project methodology and its role in project management For achieving goals and proper results within in a given time and budget a manager makes use of project (Pitman et al., 2014). Irrespective of its field project methodology its aims in helping manager at every step which starts from initiation phase to closure phase. A methodology is nothing but a model which is used by project manager for carrying out functions like designing, planning, implementation or use and lastly achieving its goals. NASA make use of specific or particular methodology for building space station on the contrary NAVY makes use of some other methodology or technique for building submarines (Siegelaub, 2014). So there is various project management methodology to satisfy the needs of various project which works in various domains of business. PMBOK stands for project management Body of Knowledge while Prince2 stands for Project management in Controlled Environment. Prince2 is structured PM methodology while PMBOK is standard and Guide (Yeong, 2017). Prince2 is practical in nature and mainly focuses on some of the important and critical areas on the contrary PMBOK is comprehensive in nature. Prince2 consist of 7 themes while on the contrary PMBOK consist of 10 knowledge areas. In Prince2 methodology contains various techniques while PMBOK model contains techniques or method for each particular project. PMBOK partly covers up the assets of organization and various factors related to environment while on the other hand PMBOK is strongly associated with the process of organization. Prince 2 is a practical method of project management while PMBOK is all about various the various parameters related to project management. Process in prince 2 consist of starting of project, providing direction to project, initiation phase of the project, monitoring or controlling phase of project, proper management delivery of products, Analyzing the boundary of stage, closing of project (Parker et al.,2013). On the contrary PMBOK process consist of following phases like initiation, planning, execution, monitoring, analyzing and controlling phase of project and lastly closing phase of project. Prince2 can be defined as the process based approach or method to project management. This model consists of eight process which is applied in set of various stages which is applied in a process sequence by the project manager for proper planning and managing of project. PMBOK mainly offers the project manager for a considerable collection of information about various project and it mainly invites project manager to apply this methodology in various domains (Wideman, 2012). Prince2 provides a list of stages or steps for the project manager and its team members to follow. PMBOK provides resource about various academic knowledge which is generally used for upgrading the profession of project management. Prince2 provides certain process which can be easily applied by various project manager and various range of background which is management of project and its outcomes. Prince 2 in relational to PLC (Project Life Cycle) Project in controlled environment that is Prince2 is generally considered to be process driven project management methodology (Prabhakar, 2016). This particular methodology consists of initiation of project, guiding the project, controlling or monitoring stage associated with it, proper management of stage boundaries, proper management delivery products, closing of project. Initiation of project consist of four strategy or methodology which are project risk, Quality, configuration, and proper communication of management strategies which are project risk, configuration and management of various techniques or methodology. This particular mainly focus in controlling of project and files. Prince2 methods run right from start of project to its closure phase (Elkington Smallman, 2012). In this methodology the project manager monitors via reports and controls which is inclusive of authorization of initiation phase of project. Prince2 process in general describe the monitoring and controlling processes related to various manager of project. Various process involved in prince2 provides project board with decision points for continuation of project. This particular methodology reveals the various stages which are associated in a project. Prince2 process helps in controlling of link between project manager and managers of the team. It is the duty of project manag er to various packages of work to managers of the team. It also reveals the various steps which be taken at the last of the project. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be easily concluded that this report it all about project management methodology and its role in project management. In the above pages of the report a brief comparison has been provided regarding the two methodology of project management that is Prince2 and PMBOK. In the last part of the project the relation of Prince2 methodology in project life cycle has been discussed in details. Various information related to Prince2 and PMBOK has been provide in details in the above pages of the report. All the stages of two model that is Prince2 and PMBOK has been discussed in details. References Elkington, P., Smallman, C. (2012). Managing project risks: a case study from the utilities sector.International Journal of Project Management,20(1), 49-57. Fervers, B., Hardy, J., Blanc-Vincent, M. P., Theobald, S., Bataillard, A., Farsi, F., ... Pinkerton, R. (2013). SOR: project methodology.British journal of cancer,84(s 2), 8-16. Parker, D., Charlton, J., Ribeiro, A., D. Pathak, R. (2013). Integration of project-based management and change management: Intervention methodology.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,62(5), 534-544. Pitman, A. J., Slater, A. G., Desborough, C. E., Zhao, M. (2014). Uncertainty in the simulation of runoff due to the parameterization of frozen soil moisture using the Global Soil Wetness Project methodology.Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres,104(D14), 16879-16888. Prabhakar, G. P. (2016). Projects and their management: A literature review.International Journal of Business and Management,3(8), 3. Siegelaub, J. M. (2014, January). How PRINCE2 can complement PMBOK and your PMP. InPMI global congress proceedings(pp. 1-7). Wideman, R. M. (2012). Comparing PRINCE2 with PMBoK.AEW Services, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Yeong, A. (2017). The marriage proposal of PRINCE2 and PMBOK.

Gender Roles Essays (2212 words) - Gender Studies, Social Psychology

Gender Roles Gender Bias in Literature ?Men Fix Things?Girls Have Dolls? -Shirley B. Ernst I have thought about many different ways to organize this paper and have come to the conclusion that the best way to approach the topic is on a book-by-book basis. My perceptions of the gender biases in these books vary greatly and I did not want to begin altering my views on each so that they would fit into certain contrived connections. What interests me most in these stories is how the authors utilize certain character's within their given environment. Their instincts and reactions are a wonderful window into how the authors perceive these ?people? would interact with their surroundings and often are either rewarded or punished by the author through consequences in the plot for their responses. Through this means we can see how the authors expect their characters to behave in relation to their post in the world. We must be very careful as readers to judge these biases based only on evidence within the text and not invent them from our own psyche due to the individual world we know . In Louis Sachar's award winning book Holes, we see gender biases in many characters. The first and most obvious bias in this book can be found in the way Sachar's characters address Mr. Pendanski, one of the staff members at Camp Green Lake. Many of the boys refer to him sarcastically as ?mom?, and it is not because of his loving nature. Mr. Pendanski is neurotic about things the boys consider trivial and he has a tendency to nag them. Because Mr. Pendanski is portrayed as the antithesis of Mr. Sir, who simply drips testosterone, others view him as a female for his weakness. The fact that Sachar allows his characters to equate weakness with femininity, or more accurately motherhood, shows a certain bias towards the supposed strength that innately accompanies masculinity. This attitude is only furthered by the fact that the rest of the book as almost totally devoid of female characters other than the witch-like caricature presented to us in the form of the warden. She comes complete w ith a vicious disposition and poisonous fingernails. The most interesting part of this bias is that the boys chose to name Mr. Pendanski ?mom? in light of their own personal family histories. I think it can safely be assumed that not many of these boys had a functional relationship with their parents or they probably would not be in Camp Green Lake to begin with. These boys chose to place Mr. Pendanski, a whiny and unrespected man in the grand scheme of things at camp, in the role of mother. They did not turn to the only woman present at the camp, nor the man who disciplines them each day, to fill their maternal needs. Instead they turn to the weakest figure in their lives and mock him by referring to him as a woman. This demonstrates to us that Sachar considers femininity a weakness in this world and has no issues showing us. As Ernst wrote, ?How easy is it to relegate girls to second class citizens when they are seen as second-class citizens, or not at all? (Ernst 67). This point is only furthered by the fact that the only woman present is such a fairy tale character. She is portrayed to us as all but a sorceress and it can be assumed she has taken on this persona in order to survive in a predominately male post in a totally male dominated environment. Even in our class it was evident that many readers were taken aback by the fact that Sachar chose to make his warden a female. And so it again can be seen that Sachar has imparted onto us a bias that a real woman could not function in this world so he had to invent a completely fictional and grandiose one. With all the other characters in the book appearing so human, it seems obvious he turned the warden into a beast because he felt he had to. In What Jamie Saw, by Carolyn Coman, gender bias shows itself in a new way. In this book masculinity and evil seem to go hand in hand.

Women in American Colonies essays

Women in American Colonies essays For my first paper, I want to write about women in the American colonies. I want to give a picture how can they survive in a strange new world across the Atlantic far away from their own mother country. I also want answer the question: Did women have a greater freedom in the colonies than in their own country? I want to concentrate more especially in England who migrated to the America. The New England colonies started in 1620 because of the lack of religious freedom in England. In addition England had too many people. The population of the country was jumped from 4 to 4 million during the 16th century. The food production and employment had not keep pace with the increase. In the other hand, one could hope to own land when it was almost impossible for most people to do so in England. Because of the reasons above, on 14th May, 1607, just over 100 men and boys filed in the small ships Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery, onto what English adventurers came to call Jamestown Island in Virginia. That was only the first English settlement in the now world. Following, there were 13 more settlement in America, which was Massachusetts, Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, New Hampshire, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Georgia. Between 1629 and 1640, some twenty-one men, women and children migrated to new world in search of a better life. Migration for most females meant that their new life would be perhaps no more full of joy than her old one had-nor any less. They find the life of a woman in this new world to be profoundly unlike what they had left behind - different and not always easier. However difficult English women found their first years in New England, other colonial settlements held harder lessons by far. Almost every woman who left England for Virginia or Maryland in the early seventeenth century would have expected to work hard from the moment she rea...

Electric dipole moments of elementary particles Essay

Electric dipole moments of elementary particles - Essay Example A significant increase in experimental sensitivity surged with over 106 factor4 improvement. Figure 1 below shows an impressive breakthrough in said improvement in the experimental sensitivity. This improvement was for about 8 years.5 Yet, despite all these improved pursuits, no electric dipole moment was observed. Why do some scientists still spend so much time and effort looking for an EDM, something that is almost deemed a lost cause? Lamareoux and Golub6 believe that the reason why many physicists are quite obsessed in in searching for the EDM is that the observation of a non-zero neutron electric dipole moment is proof of time reversal violation that goes over and beyond the electro-weak interactions called â€Å"Standard Model†. A vital point is that the standard model predictions of time reversal violation’s magnitude are not consistent with the existing ideas about the formation of our universe. The production of what is presently seen as matter/antimatter asymm etry needs time reversal violation that has many orders of magnitude more than what is forecasted by the standard model. Figure 1. Sensitivity of neutron EDM experiments over time. On the left of the graph are some theoretical predictions of the magnitude of the neutron EDM. The electric dipole moments could easily offer to the world of physics one of the, if not the most thrilling prospects for its progress, particularly in particle physics. This could easily spell a bright future awaiting prospective experimentations that has something to do with the EDM calculations. Golub and Huffman7 has been very precise on what physicists and scientists expect to find when it comes to the search for neutron electric dipole moments by saying that such search for nEDM could easily represent a good hope for understanding and learning Physics well beyond the Standard Model (SM) since finding any non-zero neutron electric dipole moment would be a strong proof of the breakdown of the SM. The C, P a nd T The reversal of space coordinates, or the so-called parity P, T or the time reversal invariance and C, the charge conjugation are the three significant symmetry principles in the field of nuclear science. In particle physics, these three have a crucial role in understanding weak forces and weak interactions. These 3 symmetries are also the main points in understanding if a nucleus is behaving differently when the spatial configuration becomes reversed (P),or if time’s direction is made to run in a backward direction instead of the usual forward direction (T), or should the nucleus’ matter particles are changed to antimatter particles (C).†8 In a CP symmetry, the charge conjugation turns a particle into its reverse or its anti-particle. Likewise, parity creates an object’s mirror image. It has been an accepted fact in science that physical laws are unchangeable or invariant when undergoing parity transformation. Time, charge and space are nuclear prope rties that are reserved or reflected in mirror-like changes in symmetry properties. In the natural universe, it is but expected that mirror symmetries or inverses to exist. Since parity symmetry is valid for all reactions that involve strong forces and electromagnetism, the fundamental conservational laws such as conservation of momentum and conservation of energy also include parity conservation. However, two physicists, Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee, contradicted

Qualities of a Successful International Marketing Strategy Essay

Qualities of a Successful International Marketing Strategy - Essay Example International marketing strategy is rooted in an investigation of the level of globalisation of different features of the market setting, such as variations and similarities in consumer preferences, culture, socioeconomic standing, technological standards, and so on. Therefore, it is evident that companies aspiring to compete successfully in global markets have to develop a decisive, purposeful, and appropriately designed international marketing strategy that is derived from a comprehensive knowledge of the markets which the organisation is operating in or aiming at. The Three Qualities Global markets are an aggressive environment that demands regular monitoring and assessment. Marketing strategies should be able to adapt to the dynamic nature of global markets. Innovation is an integral success factor, not merely with regard to product and/or service but the entire process of marketing. Value-oriented marketing and financial strategies are all turning out to be vital factors in the execution of a successful international marketing strategy (Doole & Lowe, 2008). Therefore, the mission of international marketing is to guarantee that all global strategies have the strength of comprehensive analysis and knowledge and precise assessment of what is needed to gain the most coveted competitive advantage. There are numerous essential qualities for successful international marketing strategy. But this essay focuses only on three qualities, namely, successful development of recognised local brands, strong brand extensions, and solid customer relations. First, a successful international marketing strategy is able to expand a local brand into a global brand, bringing brand strategy and value to a larger number of countries. The most excellent case in point of an initially national brand that eventually became international is Coca-Cola. In 1902, Coca-Cola decided to go beyond the United States. It was able to penetrate the market of 76 nations by 1929 (Hill & Jones, 2012, p. 286). During the Second World War, the company already has 63 factories across the globe. Its international expansion carried on after the war, motivated partly by the assumption that the U.S. market would sooner or later mature and by the belief that massive prospects for growth rest abroad (Hill & Jones, 2012, p. 286). Until the 1980s, Coca-Cola’s marketing strategy may most appropriately be described as a localisation strategy. Local marketing activities were given a high level of autonomy to handle their own activities. But everything changed when Roberto Goizueta became the company’s chief executive in 1981. He restored focus on the leading brands of Coca-Cola, which were expanded with the launching of Cherry Coke, Diet Coke, and others (Doole & Lowe, 2008, p. 8). His main assumption was that the major dissimilarity between the global markets and the United States was the lower consumption level of the global markets. Goizueta transformed the company into a glo bal one, consolidating much of the marketing operations and management at the company’s head office in Atlanta, placing emphasis on major brands. This wholesale strategy was based on standardisation by, for instance, employing the same marketing strategy across the globe (Hill & Jones, 2012, p. 286). However, this wholesale marketing strategy eventually became

Infosys and levendary cafe case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Infosys and levendary cafe - Case Study Example The functions though many are seemingly well coordinated (though not without challenges) and this is as a result of good and effective leadership starting from the former Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Howard Leventhal. With the division of the cafà © into functions, allocation of tasks is easier since there are smaller groups to manage and monitor increasing effectiveness and thus making even the cafà © win awards. The cafà © assumes that having a customer-personalized approach would lead to loyalty and eventually the company making profit which has worked since customers enjoy this approach and become loyal to the organization. Levendary had its values in an excellent customer service and this also formed the norm of the cafà ©. The other norms include speed of service and order accuracy. In experimenting with local menu, they won an award for the cheese soup. One of the values of Levendary cafà © is customer’s comfort and loyalty and this has previously been achieved through having a customer-dictated menu, the signature soup and salads and wooden chairs. This has been ignored in some Chinese cities like Beijing’s Forbidden City and Shanghai’s Yu Garden which is challenging the organizational culture of the cafà © (Bartlett and Arar 8). The company management assumes that having higher value added services will make them achieve competitive advantage in the Indian IT market and also start being recognized internationally. Its main values include transparency, having effective leadership, customer delight, integrity and fairness. Its main norm includes having frequent meetings to be updated and brainstorm on new ideas of making their company excel and the other is employee satisfaction. Its main artifact is embedded in its brand equity. Hofstede’s cultural dimension explains four dimensions of cultural values. The most applicable of these values is the individualistic-collectivist dimension which seeks to compare the two when it comes

Social Issues In Indian Cinema

Social Issues In Indian Cinema Despite its vacillation between the two extremes of sometimes being awfully responsible and at others outright sensational, Indian cinemas efforts in mirroring social reality deserves to be applauded. If popular perception is an indicator, a major part of the social transformation in India can be attributed to cinema social reformist role. The drive to link success of a film to box office returns have undoubtedly led to cinemas commercialisation at the cost of its social and developmental goals. But, despite the commercially driven attempts to cater escapist and fantasy-oriented entertainment, a good part of Indian films continues to be social theme carriers. These films enjoy a unique advantage of remaining out of the censor tangles. Of course, a prominent question remains to be answered is whether cinema can influence and change society. This paper attempts to answer this question through a historical review of the Hindi films. 1.0 Introduction: Lumiere brothers pet invention cinematograph on December 28, 1895, destined to emerge as second opium of the people, completed hundred years of awe-inspiring journey in India. It was in 1912 the first Indian feature film Pundalik was released followed by the Dhundiraj Govind Phalkes fully indigenous feature film Raja Harischandra in 1913. There was no looking back, Indian cinema kept on adding innovative features, both technical and artistic, from time to time to emerge as one of the greatest and most influential film industries in the world. The original camera, the projector, and the screen used by the France brothers have undergone metamorphosis to a stage of cinemas complete digitalization, thanks to innovations in technology. The transformation in characterization and sequencing of narratives is no less important, and so also the cinematic themes. From a stage of being viewed as an art, culture, and entertainment cinema has gradually emerged as an industry driven by profit. The change, indeed, is amazing. But, of the few features which continues to be nurtured is cinemas role as a tool of social transformation. Cinema arrived to India on 7th July, 1896 and first screened at Watsons Hotel in Bombay, latter to be shifted to the Novelty Theatre, by two employees of the Lumiere brothers where in living photographic pictures pictures of man and women, who breathed, moved and danced, were screened. So intrigued and overwhelmed at the screenings at Bombay that many of those who viewed the screenings themselves took to the business of film screening by the very next year. Film making activity started in India by the turn of the 20th century, the earliest short films being photographed in India included such titles as Cocoanut fair the Wrestlers Splendid new views of Bombay and Taboot procession. Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatvadekar shot a wrestling matchand training monkeys by wandering madaris as Indias first factual films then called topicals. Feature film production in India began with Dada Saheb R.G. Torneys Pundalik (Silent, 1909-1911), a devotional subject adopted from a popular stage play. The film was shot with the assistance of a cameraman of Bourne and Shephard, a local firm of photographers and photo equipment, developed and printed in London and released on May 18, 1912 at the coronation Theatre. Dhundraj Govind (Dadasaheb) Phalkes Raja Harishchandrawas released at the Coronation Theatre, Bombay, on May 13, 1913, as Indias first fully indigenous full length feature film. Indias first film comedy, first satire and one of the earliest to have a contemporary theme, making a radical departure from the prevalent trend of devotionals England Returned (Bilet Pherat) was made by Dhirendranath Ganguly in 1921. The Modern era of Indian cinema began with the production of talkies beginning with Ardeshir Iranis Alam Ara in 1931. The invention of talkies boosted the growth of Indian film Industry, and the number of feature films produced in India registered a steady increase year after year. During 1930s and 1940s filmmakers tried to reflect tough social issues on screen or used the struggle for Indian independence as a backdrop for their plots. With India attaining freedom, the issue emerged as a popular topic of Indian cinema makers. Films like Majboor-1948, Shaheed-1948, Samadhi, 26 January rode in popularity. In the late 1950s, Bollywood released its lavish romantic musicals and melodramas casting successful actors like Dev Anand, Dilip Kumar and Raj Kapoor and actresses like Nargis, Meena Kumari, Nutan and Madhubala. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, romance movies and action films starring actors like Rajesh Khanna , Dharmendra, and Manoj Kumar had the sway. By mid-1970s, romantic confections made way for gritty, violent films about gangsters and bandits which created stars out of Amitabh Bachchan, Mithun Chakraborty and Anil Kapoor supported by actresses like Hema Malini, Jaya Bachchan and Rekha. In the mid-1990s, family-centric romantic musicals returned with resounding success of films like Hum Aapke Hain Kaun (1994) and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) based on the artistic acumen of actors such as Aamir Khan, Salman Khan and Shah Rukh Khan and actresses such as Sridevi, Madhuri Dixit, Karisma Kapoor and Kajol. Nana Patekar, Ajay Devgan, Manisha Koirala, Tabu and Urmila Matondkar were among the critically acclaimed actors of this generation. In the 2000s, spreading of Bollywoods popularity at the global level drove Indian film making to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical quality advances. Big production houses, like Yash Raj Films and Dharma Productions came to the fore front of film making. In the new millennium the Hindi film industry started its transformation into an industry that tried to get to grips with the business realities of moviemaking. The gradual corporatization of Bollywood resulted in increasing investment, efficient use of resources, generating accountability and reducing monetary losses by curbing piracy and enforcing transparency. Corporate entities Adlabs, Applause films, IDBI, EXIM etc. participate at various stages of the film industry like exhibition, funding, film making and processing, or all. Profit emerges as the driving force of film making in the country. To be precise, patriotic themes of Indian cinema made way for social reform, which undergoes change to embraces fashion of the day while still carrying messages of social reform, then turns out to a fighter to protect the institutions of democracy and freedom. A gamut of issues got representation in Indian cinema-from freedom to unemployment, from poverty to exploitation, from dowry to womens emancipation, from social conflict to national integration, from education to fantasy oriented entertainment. With the transformation of the society, the issues confronting it kept on changing and so also the themes adopted for film making. 1.1 Films on Social Issues Cinema is a mirror of social reality holds good beyond doubt if one looks back at the thematic treatment of Indias mainstream cinema. From the very early years, Indian feature film developed the admirable ability of focusing on different facets of Indian life. The cinemas concerns with social problems continue to be overtly expressed from the thirties, right through to the sixties, in a handful of most significant films. Hindi cinemas golden period in the thirties and the forties did bring forth films not merely presenting but tackling burning issues. How intellectual labour fights al-mighty capital, how young girls revolt against marriage with an old man, how life supersedes love, how inter-communal bliss is thrown asunder by the outside forces, how widows could be remarried and fallen women resurrected , how dowry could lead to tragedy and how convicts could be reformed, how the veneer of westernizing could ruin marriage and friendship, how the rural economy could be freed from the clutches of landlords and money lenders, how the untouchables and other underdogs could be given a more humane life and several such thorny problems were flashed across the countrys screens. In case of fatalism and tragic end, it was a mute protest mean to arouse the collective conscience against the various barriers. Films which talk so directly and movingly about the wrongs of society went onto influence it and shape i t along better lines. Dhirendra Nath Gangulys film the England returned made in 1922, was used as a means to get the audience to think of a social situation in which Indians had been imitating their foreign rulers and creating for themselves new problems within their own society. In 1925, Baburao Painter made the film Savkari Pash which painted an extremely realistic picture of the Indian poor, in the rural vast land, focusing on rural-indebtedness, feudal oppression, the poverty of the peasantry and myriad of problems. In the most outstanding film of the silent era of Indian cinema Savkari Pash, V, Santaram and Kamaladevi enacted the role of an oppressed farmer couple having to suffer both famine and the oppression of the Zamidari system. There were brave efforts to create similar thematic films commenting on the other social ills of Indian society. It is the arrival of the talkie film which brought to fore the contribution of Indian cinema in bringing about social awareness among the Indians to improve their status and remove age-old taboos which young India could ill afford. The period between 1931 and 1946 should be considered as the golden era of cinema of social comment. One is left amazed at the variety of films which Indian cinema of its time picked up for public debate. It is necessary to recall some of these films and their themes to impress upon the reader that Indian cinema even at its worst, was far better in its commitment to its audience and its society. Indian cinema tackled the problems of western culture clashing with Indian (Indira Ma, 1934); protested against arranged mirages and social barriers (Dev Das, 1935); protested against the caste barriers and religious bigotry (Achhut Kanya, 1936), Achhut (1940), promoted Hindu widow remarriage (Bal Yogini, 1936); fought against marriage of young girls with old persons, Duniya Na Mane (1937) and highlighted economic and social disparity (Adhikar, 1938). Indian cinema fought against rural indebtedness in K.A. Abass Dharitri ke Lal (1949); highlighted the problems of alcohol in Brandi Chi Batli (1939), Angoori (1943). The welfare of scheduled castes was highlighted in Malla Pilla, while widow remarriage was the theme of Sumangali. The ills of Zamidari system were highlighted in Raitu Bidda (1940), while the problem of the educated unemployed were best described in Vande Mataram(1948).The problems of unwed mothers was described in film Devta; while the events of dowry was best complimented upon in Dahej(1950). Achhut kanya suggested inter-caste mirages between high and low caste people. Mehbbos Aurat and Mother India, Vimal Roys Do Bigha Zamin and Sujata, Dilip Kumars Ganga Jamuna and Sunil Duttas Mujhe Jeeno Do focused on the socio-economic causes of the very Indian problem. 1.2 Sex and Violence in Indian Cinema Bollywoods sense of commitment to mirror social reality has hardly remained untouched by market force influences. Despite cinema being born in a form to creatively portray social reality, the drive to link success of a film to box office returns eventually led to its commercialisation. Profit prioritisation overpowering its social and developmental goals, obscenity and lewdness emerged as an integral feature of Indian cinema. The official censor history reveal that the film MERI AWAZ SUNO (1981) was first granted an A certificate, but was subsequently suspended citing that the film depicts excessive violence. In 1994, the film BANDIT QUEEN was suggested for 17 cuts especially scenes of frontal nudity. The film KAMA SUTRA- A TALE of LOVE (1996), was denied a certificate citing it pornographic only to be certified after two scenes of nudity were erased. The film FIRE (1998), which explicitly screened the homosexual relationships between two women (often termed as lesbianism), resulted in violent protest against it which forced the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting to refer it back to the Censor Board for review. The anti-war and anti-nuclear documentary film Jung-aur-aman (War and Peace) as the censors claimed, suggested a bias against the minority Muslims when aid was distributed after the Gujrat earth quake 2001. The list of such films touched by censor wrangles for depicting sex and violence gets longer even if the country emerges as the most prolific film producing country in the world. At times it is sex, at times it is excessive violence (Aakrosh, 2003), at others it is kissing on screen (Khwaish), even at others it is smoking on screen (God Mother, 1999, Pyar -To-Hona Hi Tha). Though the issues of censor contention generally revolved round sleaze, sensuality, sexuality, nudity and permissiveness, overdose of obscenity and lewdness has been doing more harm to the image of the Bollywood. Sometimes sex and violence is deliberately incorporated to attract viewers, though family melo-dramas are no less popular. 1.3 Social Impacts of Films Any discussion on films and society confronts a vital question dose cinema have any impact on the society. There are two schools of thought on this issue among film makers. One line of thinking believe that films can never affect or reform the social body or the events taking place within it, but the other believes that the medium does have a direct or indirect impact on social streams, even though it may not be immediately perceptible. The former cites the example that just after a couple of excellent anti-war films were exhibited, the second world war engulfed humanity hence cinema cannot and should not offer any solutions for social problems raised by its writer and directors, by its content and style. The mere exposition of the problem is enough and there ends cinemas artistic obligation as well as compulsion. The later, however, stretches cinemas role further to promote a thought process and line of action where by the viewers are provoked into trying a change for the better. Fi lms, which talked directly and movingly about the wrongs of society, go on to influence it and shape it along better lines. The most important contribution of cinema to society is that by sheer usage it has grown to be a standard reference for most kinds of questions and situations, where elementary knowledge and practice are needed (Rangoonwalla, 1995:7). The mass mind picks up such points largely and stores them in some mental corner, to be reactivated while seeking or giving answers and guidance. Some of the life patterns and conclusions propagated by them could be having social repercussions below the outer of everyday life. Violence, crime and sex are made to look easy and frivolous, without much of retribution to follow. The magic of cinema is virtually unfathomable. The very mention of cinema conjures up a rainbow of captivating images. A vital aspect of Indian cinema is its unifying character. The Indian films have been subtly albeit consistently promoting the ideas of national integration and communal harmony. A part of the socio-economic cultural transformation can be attributed to the cinema as films usually generate social mobility, fluidity and an overall sense of oneness among people of different backgrounds (Rangoonwalla, 1995:7).The society is ripe with cases of crimes and criminals being emulated from the screen and so also the attitude to suicide as a way of dejection, mostly in love. Fashion including smoking and drinking, in many cases, are inspired from cinema characters. The vast fan followings of stars like Rajesh Khanna, Amitabh Bachhan, Mithun Chatkrabothy are eloquent testimony to the social impacts of films. A study by Dr. Sativa Bhakry shows that Cinema can play both positive as well as negative roles in society. It can have positive impacts in terms of providing entertainment, enhancing information and knowledge, sensitizing people about urgent issues of society, in creating sociability and offering catharsis. It offers release from tensions of daily life. Cinema can also play an equally negative role in teaching wrong values, generating social and sexual violence and crime, providing escape from reality into a dream world of fantasy instead of facing up to the problems of life, encouraging adoption of destructive role models and in encouraging cynicism about social institutions (Bhakhry, 1995:71-76). 1.4 Freedom of Artistic Expression and its Limits Article 19(1) (a) of the Indian Constitution guarantees to every citizen of India the right to freedom of speech and expression; also assures the freedom of media, though it is not separately stated. This right to freedom of speech and expression includes within it, the right to collect and receive information from anywhere and through any legitimate means, the right to disseminate information and express opinion (Sawant, 1997). The freedom granted under 19(1) (a) is not absolute, and is subject to restrictions contained in Article 19(2) of the Indian constitution. The restrictions have, of course to be reasonable meaning there by that; they must have a direct nexus with ground on which they are imposed. But, to extend the scope of censorship to considerations of public taste and ban a mater which does not fall within the limits of the reasonable restrictions clause would not be legal(Vasudev,1979). Again, the media, when run as a business, is also subject to the restrictions, which may be imposed by the state on any business, under Article 19(6) of the constitution. Cinema as a medium of mass communication is also subjected to restrictions contained in article 19(2) of the constitution and set out in section 5-B of the Indian Cinematograph (Amendment) Act, 1959. In a celebrated Supreme Court judgment in 1970, in the case brought before it by K.A. Abbas, regarding his film A Tale of Four Cities declared that, Censorship falls under constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech and expression and that while pre censorship of films does not contravene those guarantees per se, is still a justifiable issue and cannot be decided by a government official (Dayal, 1987). The Supreme Court said, Censorship in India (and pre-censorship is not different in quality) has full justification in the field of exhibition of cinema films and the censorship imposed on the making and exhibition of films is in the interest of the society. If the regulations venture into something, which goes beyond the legitimate opening to restrictions, they can be questioned on the ground that a legitimate power is being abused. We hold, therefore, that censorship of films, including prior restraint, is justified under our constitution (Vasudev, 1978). Platos polemics of art and artists urged strict censorship of the arts because of their influence on moulding peoples characters. Using his theory of forms, Plato claimed that artists and poets couldnt usually explain their works; as they are seized by irrational inspiration, a sort of divine madness. Therefore, the vital opinions of the community could be shaped by law and that men could be penalized for saying things that offended public sensibilities, undermined common morality, or subverted the institutions of the community. Acclaimed film critic and a spiritual champion of the right to freedom of expression, Noel Burch (1973) claimed I doubt if anybody will advocate freedom from interference of the state machinery to be extended to the commercial exploitation of a powerful medium of expression and entertainment like cinema. One can imagine the result if an unbridled commercial cinema is allowed to cater to the lowest common denominator of popular taste. Freedom of expression, therefore, cannot and should not be interpreted as a license for the cinemagnates to make money by pandering to and thereby propagating, shoddy and vulgar taste. While emphasizing the role of cinema as a vehicle of modernism, Indias first Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru has also advocated some amount of social control to ward off its bad effects (Vasudev, 1978:107). Tanuja Chandra claims that the artists have every right to give expression to the work of art and viewers have an equal right to reject it, if they do not like it either in part or whole. The entertainment part of cinema, she argues is of much important than the emotional part. Veteran actor turned Member of Parliament Satrughna Sinha claims that in a country like India films reach the widest possible and most diversified audience. As a medium of mass communication it can exercise the most tremendous and potent influence on the public. The rampant use of blatant sex and gruesome violence (as commodities for sale by the producers) can terribly shake a nation; the ruinous elements can easily shatter the society before the common law can give protection (TOI, 2006). John Dayal Claims that more and more people, especially the younger, look forward to watch the blatant display of sex and violence on the screen. If this virus is allowed to the artery of our national blood, the society will be infested with unruly elements with hardly any care for our social values and traditional tenets, which will eventually lead to chaos and anarchy in the society. Curbs are, therefore, necessary to protect the moral health of the nation and to ensure that cinema does not hurt the sensibilities or interests of the extraordinarily heterogeneous people that constitute the Indian nation (Dayal, 1987:61). 1.5 Research Design and Methods Analyzing a complex issue like social impacts of films demands a multidisciplinary approach. A historical review of the Hindi films reveals the presentation of social issues in contrast to other issues in Indian cinema. A review of cinema as a means of artistic expression provides pertinent clues about the social impacts of cinema. Constitutional and legal provisions, judgments of Supreme Court and High Courts, observations of various committees and commissions, legal adjudications on film censorship decisions, decisions of the Censor Board, and the policy guidelines issued from time to time provide an appropriate background for understanding the legal status of right to freedom of expression and its limits. The existing theories on film-society linkages, the research studies on social impacts of films, in addition to the study of the legal back ground mentioned above revels the ideal limits of artistic expression and moral decency in India. Of late, growing recognition of freedom of expression as a fundamental human right and the arguments against any kind of restriction on that right, coupled with the digital communication technology enabled scope for duplication and delivery of contents questions afresh the role of social films, of course, the socio-cultural conditions of a nation is an equally important factor. So it is the public opinion, defined and redefined by the changing socio-cultural environment that can be a real indicator of the social impacts of films and the need for films on social themes in the country. As such, the study primarily builds on the social survey method of research, a pre-structured questionnaire being the principal tool of data collection. The opinion survey constitutes the primary data, where as the secondary data culled from newspapers, journals, books and of course the Web provides significant input to the study. The universe for the study primarily comprises the academic community, including students, teachers and other academic staff of the universities. To represent the academic community Berhampur University (Odisha), Aligarh Muslim University (Uttar Pradesh), and Gauhatii and Nagalandi universities in the North-Eastern Parts of India were selected. The sample respondents were selected applying the stratified random sampling method. The academic community of the selected universities were identifies as three distinct groups- students, teachers, and academic staff of which 100, 40, and 20 respectively were selected randomly to constitute the sample for the study. While selecting the respondents gender and age have been kept in mind to make the sample a true representative of the universe, despite majority of respondents being post graduate students. All the 160 sample respondents so selected were administered a pre-structured questionnaire comprising 15 questions on various aspects of film ing practices and impacts of films on the society in India. The researcher could collect a total of 128 completed questionnaires of which 80 representing the students, 32 representing the teachers and 16 of the other academic staff. The responses so collected are codified and presented in tables 1-7. The codified and tabulated opinions are analysed using simple statistical techniques including the weighted average method. The alternative responses (say N) to a question are assigned priorities from 1 to N by the respondents. The responses from 1st to Nth priorities are assigned weightages N to 1 respectively and are multiplied by their respective frequencies n1,n2,n3nN-1,nN (number of respondents giving the same priority to a response).The weightage of each priority of a response are added to calculate the total weightage of a response. As such, the total weightage of a response is calculated to be: TW=NXn1+(N-1)Xn2+(N-2)Xn3+. . . . . . . .+N-(N-2)XnN-1+N-(N-1)XnN = NX(1st priority frequency)+(N-1)X(second priority frequency)+(N-2)X(3rd priority frequency)+ +2(N-1)th priority frequency+1(Nth priority frequency) The extracts of the personal interviews of a number of Bollywoodii personalities including actors, directors, producers on the issue of cinema censorship, published in sections of the media, have been incorporated to represent the views of the Indian film industry. 1.6 Public Perception on Cinematic Obligations The respondents were asked to mention the kinds of impact films have on society by selecting the appropriate alternative. The responses so obtained are presented in table-1, which evinces that 14.84 % of the respondents feel that films have positive impact on the society where as 20.31 % of them feel that films have negative impact. But a whopping majority (53.90%) of them agree that films do have impact, positive, negative or both, on the society.07.03 % does not see any impact of films, where as 3.91 % have no idea about social impacts of films. Table-1: What kinds of Impact does films have on the Indian Society? Response No of Respondents % age Positive Impact 19 14.84 Negative Impact 26 20.31 Both positive and negative impact 69 53.90 No impacts 09 07.03 Dont Know 05 3.91 The respondents were asked to mention in order of preference the mentioned positive impacts of films on the society. The responses presented in table -2 revels that the respondents strongly believe that films do have positive impacts in sensitizing the people about urgent social issues. The respondents are also impressed with the role of films as an entertainer. What closely follows these are films release tension and they keep the audience informed and educated on important issues confronting the society. Table-2: Positive Impacts of Films Impact 1st priority 2nd priority 3rd priority 4th priority 5th priority Total weightage Rank order Inform and educate 11(12.5) 13 22 28 14 243 2nd Entertain 25(28.41) 27 22 12 02 325 1st Sensitize about urgent social issues 25(28.41) 26 24 11 02 325 1st Instil positive values 09(10.23) 07 13 27 32 198 4th Release tension 18(20.45) 15 07 10 38 229 3rd TW (Total Weightage) =1st priorityX5+2nd priorityX4+3rd priorityX3+4th priorityX2+5th priorityX1 R (Rank) = rank of total weightage Table-3: Negative Impacts of Films Impact 1st priority 2nd priority 3rd priority 4th priority Total weightage Rank order Teach wrong values 21(22.10) 27 26 21 238 2nd Promotes sex and violence 28(29.47) 25 26 16 254 1st Provide escape route from real problems to a dream world 22(23.16) 18 23 32 220 4th Encourage destructive role models 24(25.26) 25 20 26 235 3rd TW (Total Weightage) =1st priorityX5+2nd priorityX4+3rd priorityX3+4th priorityX2+5th priorityX1 R (Rank) = rank of total weightage Among the negative impacts of films presented in table-3, promoting sex and violence tops the list. The audience closely believes that films provide an escape route from real problems to a dream world. The third major impacts mentioned are teaching wrong values, and encourage destructive role models. A question was asked regarding what should be the primary goal of film making. The respondents were asked to mention the mentioned alternatives in order of priority and the responses so obtained are presented in table-4. Table-4: What should be primary goal of film making? 1st Priority 2nd priority 3rd priority 4th priority 5th priority Total weightage Rank Profit generation 19(14.84) 17 21 28 43 325 5th Presentation of social issues to public notice 23(17.96) 27 18 22 38 359 4th Generate Social Change and development 39(30.47) 36 28 17 08 466 1st Eradication of social evils 21(16.40) 23 29 34 21 373 3rd Promote pro-social values 26(20.31) 25 32 27 18 398 2nd TW (Total Weightage) =1st priorityX5+2nd priorityX4+3rd priorityX3+4th priorityX2+5th priorityX1 R (Rank) = rank of total weightage Data in table-4 transpire that film makers first and foremost artistic obligation should be to try for positive social change through films, closely followed by the goal of promoting pro-social values. Notably, the artistic obligation of creatively presenting a social issue before the public without expecting or suggesting any social change from it, which is the line of thinking of the Avant Garde film makers finds third priority among the respondents. Equal

Why We Drop Out of College :: essays research papers

As high school students, most of us were taught the dream of going to college from the importance that it has. The real life examples from our friends teach us the importance of going to college. If you drop out of college you may lose yourself, your family, and your friends. One of my friends dropped out of college because he had a bad friendship. So, they convinced him not to go to the school, but when he grew up he realized that the college was the most important thing in his life. Even though we know that â€Å"college is the best thing†, why we drop out of college? That fact is that we drop out from the college for many reasons. We sometimes drop out of the college because of bad friendship. For example, my brother’s friend was just 19 years old and he dropped out of college only because he wanted to fit into a group that was bigger than him. As a result of this, he wanted to be seen as â€Å"cool,† but that wasn’t all. Due to this, he used drugs that dropped him out of the college totally. These students don’t want to seem irresponsible, so they make up an excuse, such as the bad friendship. Another reason we drop out of college is that we want to be independent. A lot of news has been saying that students are sensitive during the adolescence. Because of adolescence, they may think that school is â€Å"nothing†, it is just a waste of time. Also, facts have been saying that more and more students are being independent related to the school. A good reason that they are independent is that they want to have their own money. However, when we don’t know how to say no and face whatever problems may cause, we often use to drop out of college to avoid difficulties. However, dropping out of college is not always negative, in fact, familiar problems can yield positive results. In terms of financial support we know that college costs money, so a lot of students cannot afford it. For example, there are families were the parents are divorced, and one parent has to burden all the family expenses. Often, it happens that one of the parents die, and the children have to grow up with many difficulties.

Charismatic Leader Essay

This type of leadership holds a lot of power. In both productive and counterproductive respects. The rhetoric employed to effectively carry out charismatic leadership acts as a double edged sword. While it is true that a message delivered in a charismatic manner inspires the followers to implement it with a lot of fervor, but in this same zest, there are a lot of important issues that are overlooked and lots of questions ignored. This entails problems when the charisma delivers its desired results, but they still leave a sour taste in the mouth. In my professional career, I have not encountered charismatic leadership neither in the top echelons of power nor in the middle management slots. However, most of us have been affected, and even wowed, by the charismatic skills of Barack Obama, while running for the US Presidency in 2008. Inspirational rhetoric, exceptional oratory skills and narcissistic excellence were expertly deployed towards millions of people. Perhaps in our lifetimes, it has proven to be a living, breathing example of pure, unadulterated charisma. It was a need of the time and a result of the disillusionment with the last 8 years. But, the cynicism that perhaps was put in the back seat during this process, made a comeback in the last two years, where more and more people have grown disillusioned by the lack of actual, and perceived, objectives being achieved. The overhyped expectations that are, in effect, created by charismatic leadership, eventually end up hampering its own effects, even though the results achieved might be significant. In the spirit of double edged swords, narcissism fits the bill perfectly. Excessive traits of this personality type have officially been diagnosed as a psychological disorder, whereas a good mix of those same qualities supposedly makes a great leader. From my personal experience, there has been a lot more interaction with unproductive narcissists, as compared to the productive ones. Charismatic leadership is an outward focusing theory, but since being confident and thoughtful requires a thorough understanding of one’s own self, unless it is coupled innately with authenticity, there would continue to be major loopholes in its implementation. As is the case with most leadership theories, the situational context of the company or market matter deeply. Charismatic leadership is the need of the hour during turbulent times and thus ends up being encouraged and nurtured. However, during mature and stable market times, charisma tends to be counter-productive and pointless. Also, since narcissistic leaders tend to believe undoubtedly in their vision, not taking into account the ideas put forward by others, it can become self-destructive for companies. This leadership theory, more than others, needs to be deployed with a lot of care and consideration.

Accounting Research Paper Ultimate Writing Guide

Accounting Research Paper Ultimate Writing Guide In contemporary highly technical and complex business environment, today’s and tomorrow’s accountants and accounting leaders have to be proficient in all communication skills. That’s why teaching the writing skills is integrated into accounting curriculum. Students are assigned to write different formal essays, term papers, research papers, reports. In this way, they learn to analyze and synthesize while thinking about accounting topics in the process of organizing and structuring their thoughts to produce a logical and sequential flow of ideas. Students who take senior-level accounting courses usually have to write complex research papers in some areas of accounting theory. When writing traditional research papers in accounting, students have to prepare a well-documented manuscript on a specific topic or thesis. These assignments are rather challenging and require doing an independent research that includes a lot of stages such as identifying a problem, gathering data, reflection, implementing changes, monitoring, etc. Such assignments can also include applying the theories to some real-world situations. In this article, you will find a complete accounting research paper writing guide that will help you to cope with any difficulties that you may encounter at every stage of the writing process. What Is an Accounting Research Paper? An accounting research paper is a complicated assignment that cannot be treated as just the sum of your sources or a review of the existing literature on your topic. In your research paper, you have to analyze the perspective or argue your point. No matter what type of research paper you have to write, you need to present your own thinking that should be backed by other’s ideas and relevant information from credible sources. There are two types of research papers: analytical and argumentative. In an analytical research paper, you have to inform your readers about different opinions on your topic. In an argumentative research paper, you should take your side on an issue and persuade your readers to support your position. Research papers are very formal in style and require that you should take a more scientific approach to the material. They commonly suggest having a hypothesis on a certain topic and your task is to prove or reject this hypothesis with the help of outside sources. All research papers have to achieve specific goals: They must meet the needs of the assignment. When working on your research paper, you should strictly follow specific requirements provided by your instructor that detail topics, documentation methods, and use of sources. Research papers must have a clear focus. For that matter, you should narrow your topic to stay on the track. Research papers have a clear thesis statement or statement of purpose. You should focus on your own opinions and interpretations and not on the views of the others. Research papers give comments on the quality and quantity of sources. You should distinguish between reliable and biased sources, facts and opinions, authoritative and questionable statistics. Steps in the Writing Process There is not a single template for writing a research paper so the process is determined by practice, organization, and experience and begins with your properly understanding your assignment or identifying an interesting topic. Accounting research papers may vary in page lengths and guidelines. To become an experienced writer and researcher, you should pay attention to the genre of your research paper, topic, and audience. Besides, you should work on improving your research skills, and become experienced in outlining, drafting, and revising. The most common stages of writing a research paper in accounting are: choosing and narrowing a researchable topic; reading sources and documenting information; writing an outline; writing the first draft; revising and editing; proofreading the final draft. Choosing a Topic Commonly, the instructor provides a list of research paper topics from which you may choose so there is no stress of having to decide upon a topic of your own. But very often, your instructor may simply hand out an assignment sheet that covers general requirements for the research paper, leaving the choice of topics to the students. Of course, research paper topics should be relevant to some aspect of the course so making the right choice can be rather challenging for inexperienced researchers. That’s why you should start thinking about the topic for your accounting research paper early and plan your work beforehand. One of the most successful techniques is brainstorming – you should write down all the ideas that might have come to your mind during the day. This technique is especially helpful when you have some ideas but need to narrow your topic. But you should keep in mind that the initial topic that you come up with may be changed in the process of doing the research. Have a look at some accounting research topics ideas that may be useful for first-time researchers. Accounting Research Paper Topics Accounting Cycle Process of a Certain Company Accounting for Stock Options Accounting for Income Taxes Accounting Regulation in the USA Current and Non-current Assets Management Accounting Techniques Financial Statement Analysis Techniques Tax Formula and Its Components Tax System in the USA Accounting for the Environment Strategies for Conducting Research Every research paper poses unique challenges. Some research papers may require extensive library research, while other papers can be based on surveys, field research, original experiments, and interviews. Although different topics may require different approaches, there are several general strategies that you can use to work more productively. Review the assignment and make sure you fully understand what you are required to do; Conduct a preliminary research on your topic to learn basic terms and details and develop an overview of the existing research; Narrow your topic and find out what range of evidence is available; Create questions to choose sources and develop a working thesis statement; Make a timeline that allows to finish your research on a fixed date; Record the information that you need to cite sources; Sketch an outline as you collect sources to understand where they might appear in your research paper; Prioritize your sources and choose the most valuable; Refine and revise your thesis statement or research question if needed. Organizing a Research Paper on Accounting The purpose of organizing a research paper is to give your readers an opportunity to read your paper selectively, depending on what type of information they are looking for. Your paper should have a clear structure and include several parts with headings and subheadings. Before you start writing the paper parts, you should make your thesis statement or statement of purpose (or write your hypothesis) that will help you stay focused and organize your material in a logical manner. You should plan your writing and make an outline that will help you organize information and ensure that the structure of your paper is complete and logical. Structure of an Accounting Research Paper While research papers in different academic disciplines may vary in style and format, most research papers have a similar structure and are usually divided into parts that follow the same logical flow. Your accounting research paper should include the following parts. The title should be concise and specific and it should show what problem is discussed in a paper, using specific keywords. The abstract helps readers to quickly get an idea about the content of a research paper. It should be very brief – about 200 words and it might be rather challenging to write. You’d better write the abstract after you have finished your research paper because it is actually a summary of the entire research paper. Your abstract should provide a quick synopsis of the content and introduce the problem to be investigated, objectives of the study, methods of research, and statements about the results and findings. The introduction should introduce the broad overall topic and give basic background information. Then, you should narrow down to the specific research question, explain the key terms and outline what your research paper will cover. The introduction provides the focus and the purpose for the rest of the paper. The literature review describes existing important research on the topic and relates it specifically to the research problem that is addressed in the paper. In this part of the research paper, you should examine the major accounting theories related to your topic. You should review all relevant findings from credible sources, for example, journal articles and academic books. In the methods section, you should describe the context of the study, provide specific details about the study design, and outline methodology that you used to complete the study, including analysis methods. In the results/findings section, you should present the results of the analysis in a clear and logical sequence. You should report the key findings related to the research question and provide enough details so that your readers would be able to replicate your study. You can include charts, table, graphs, and pictures. If you have a lot of information that supports your analysis but which is not essential for the explanation of your findings, you should place it in the appendix. The discussion/analysis section should present interpretation of the main findings of the study and the implications of the results. You should also mention the limitations of your study. In this section, you can discuss how your findings relate to the previous research that you have mentioned in the literature review. In the conclusion, you have to sum up your findings and offer perspectives for future research. The references/bibliography section should present an alphabetical list of all sources that you have used for obtaining information. All your sources should be cited according to the requirements of the citation style specified by your instructor. The format of the references is the same as the format and style that you use in your research paper. The format of an accounting research paper outlined above is standard but it is always better to ask your instructor about his/her expectations. Writing a Draft When writing your first draft, you shouldn’t be too much concerned about the formal issues. There is no need to worry about your grammar or spelling because this draft will be revised later. You should focus on the content and write all your ideas, following your outline. Besides, you have to expand your ideas with the data from your notes. You should write with a purpose and consider your thesis statement or research question to be a compass that helps you stay on the track and follow the direction. Revising, Editing, and Proofreading When you have completed drafting your accounting research paper, you should read it and revise it. You’d better take a break for a couple of days. It will give you enough time to think about the topic of your research and you will reread your piece of writing with fresh eyes. You need to pay particular attention to the general organization of your paper and the content and you are sure to find lots of different ways how to improve your work. Revising and editing your accounting research paper may require a lot of readings and each of them can have its own specific goal. You can also ask someone else, for example, your family member, a friend or a classmate to look through your accounting research paper and help you find any mistakes. You can also hire a copy editor to read your paper. The final stage of the accounting research paper writing process is proofreading your final draft for technical errors. You should reread your final draft carefully in order to find and fix any spelling, punctuation or grammar mistakes or typos that you might have overlooked in the previous revisions. Final Remark from Our Writing Experts: Revising and editing are different processes and require different approaches and actions. When revising, you can: make changes to the various drafts of your project evaluate your word choice and improve it remove paragraphs or even pages of your text think again about your project and rewrite it completely When editing, you should take care of the general appearance of your text. You should: evaluate the logical flow between major ideas and paragraphs analyze the consistency of tone and voice throughout your research paper correct minor error in typography and mechanics. Make sure you don’t mix the notions and do editing, then revising.